Integrating Safeguards and Security into Nuclear Facility Design

Including safeguards and security fully in the early stages of the design process for new nuclear facilities has the potential to cost effectively minimize proliferation and security risks. This paper addresses the 2SBD (safeguards-by-design and security-by-design) approach and its incorporation into the design and construction process, and describes a framework that can guide its institutionalization. 2SBD could be a basis for a new international norm and standard process for nuclear facility design. Recent progress is positive and substantial.