Nuclear Fusion Propulsion Systems For Deep Space Travel Architecture: A Review

The swift advancement of space missions and the growing attention toward deep space exploration, including increased interest from international space agencies, have driven the demand for advanced propulsion systems and power generation technologies. These innovations aim to enable spacecraft to journey beyond the Solar System, facilitating the exploration of distant planets, moons, and asteroids while offering opportunities for material extraction and scientific research under unique cosmic conditions. Such advancements promise to expand our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum phenomena, paving the way for transformative technologies. Electric propulsion systems, utilized for deep space missions, offer superior exhaust velocities compared to chemical thrusters but face significant energy limitations due to imperfections of possible power sources. Solar panels lose effectiveness with increasing distance from the Sun. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators have low efficiency and limited life-spans. Although nuclear space reactors could address these challenges, their complexity and stringent safety requirements pose significant barriers for operations, especially for manned missions. In addition, conventional high-power electric propulsion systems encounter limitations in thrust, specific impulse, and operational life-span, primarily due to energy conversion inefficiencies and physical wear on components. Fusion propulsion systems present transformative potential for space exploration by combining high specific impulse, reduced fuel mass, and dual functionality as power sources and propulsion systems. These attributes enable faster transit times, extended mission durations, and larger payloads, while producing minimal radioactive waste. However, significant technological hurdles remain, including reactor miniaturization, effective radiation shielding, and the logistical challenges of fuel storage and transportation. Addressing these challenges is critical to realizing the potential of fusion propulsion for deep space missions. Despite these obstacles, ongoing research continues to advance fusion technology. This article explores promising schemes of nuclear fusion propulsion, highlighting their potential to overcome current limitations and revolutionize space exploration and comparing it with other prospective propulsion solutions for deep space missions.